Invaders and Infidels: From Sindh to Delhi by Sandeep Balakrishna published in 2020. The book delves deep into the history of the Muslim invasions and the subsequent establishment of Islamic rule in India, spanning from the 8th century to the arrival of the Delhi Sultanate. It provides a fresh perspective on the cultural and historical consequences of these invasions, offering a nuanced narrative that challenges conventional interpretations of Indian history. Sandeep Balakrishna’s Invaders and Infidels presents a comprehensive, historical narrative of the Muslim invasions that marked the beginning of Islamic rule in India. The book focuses on the period starting from the early invasions by Arabs into the Sindh region in the 8th century, through the various invasions by Turkic and Afghan rulers, ultimately leading to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century.Balakrishna’s work aims to provide an alternative view of the history of this period, critiquing the romanticized or sanitized narratives often found in mainstream historical accounts. Rather than simply focusing on the conquests and the political implications of these invasions, the author explores the socio-cultural upheaval they caused in the subcontinent. He emphasizes the destruction of indigenous culture, temples, and societal structures, as well as the demographic changes brought about by these invasions.The book is divided into various sections, each exploring different phases of the invasions. It begins with the Arab invasion of Sindh in the early 8th century, led by Muhammad bin Qasim, and progresses through to the subsequent waves of Turkish and Afghan invasions. These include the Ghaznavid and Ghurid invasions, and the rise of the Delhi Sultanate. Balakrishna also scrutinizes the Sultanate period, offering insights into how these Islamic rulers established and consolidated their power, often at the expense of local Hindu populations and culture.Through meticulous research and historical references, the book presents a clear and well-rounded picture of these events. Balakrishna’s narrative is both critical and scholarly, yet readable, appealing to general readers as well as those with an academic interest in history.

Alternative Narrative of Indian History: The book challenges the mainstream historical narrative that often downplays the destructive aspects of the Islamic invasions. By focusing on the negative impact these invasions had on Hindu temples, cultural heritage, and societal structures, Balakrishna provides an alternative perspective that has resonated with many in modern-day India, where debates around cultural preservation and historical memory are intensifying.Relevance to Modern Nationalist Discourse: The book also contributes to the ongoing debates on Indian nationalism and identity. Balakrishna’s narrative emphasizes the need for India to reclaim its cultural and historical legacy, often obscured by centuries of foreign rule. It appeals to contemporary Indian audiences who are concerned with preserving the country’s ancient traditions and identity amidst globalization and Western influence.Educational Value: The book serves as an educational tool for understanding the history of India’s interactions with the Islamic world. It is invaluable for students and scholars of Indian history, especially those interested in the political, religious, and cultural impacts of foreign invasions. By incorporating lesser-known historical facts, Balakrishna broadens the scope of traditional historical narratives.

Cultural and Religious Upheaval: A central theme of Invaders and Infidels is the transformation of Indian culture and society due to the Islamic invasions. The author argues that these invasions brought about a profound and often violent disruption to the indigenous Hindu and Buddhist traditions that had flourished in the subcontinent for centuries.The invasions were not merely military conquests but also involved religious imposition, the destruction of temples, and the subjugation of the local population. The book highlights the desecration of cultural symbols, such as the destruction of temples and educational institutions like Nalanda, which was destroyed during the invasion of Bakhtiyar Khilji.Demographic and Social Changes: The Muslim invasions also had lasting impacts on the demographic makeup of India. Balakrishna discusses how the arrival of Islamic rulers led to the forced conversion of Hindus and the subsequent rise of a large Muslim population. The social structure of Indian society also shifted, with the Muslim rulers imposing new norms, laws, and political systems.The author describes how local Hindu kings and elites were either displaced or subjugated, and how the Islamic rulers restructured the political landscape, replacing many of the indigenous forms of governance with Islamic administrative systems.Resistance and Assimilation: Another theme that runs through the book is the resistance put up by local kingdoms against the Islamic invaders. While many kingdoms were defeated, others managed to temporarily push back the invaders or create alliances with them. The book highlights instances of resistance, such as the Rajasthan Rajputs, and the resistance movements of Kashmir, as well as the more subtle ways in which indigenous cultures adapted and survived under Islamic rule.At the same time, Balakrishna acknowledges that there was also a degree of assimilation over time, especially in terms of trade, culture, and intermarriage. The book does not present a purely black-and-white view of the period but underscores the complexities involved in the interactions between the invaders and the indigenous population.The Role of Sultans and Emperors: The Delhi Sultanate’s role in shaping the political and religious landscape of India is also explored in great detail. Balakrishna discusses the reigns of significant figures like Qutb-ud-Din Aibak, Iltutmish, and Alauddin Khilji, and their strategies to consolidate power. He argues that while some rulers were more tolerant and focused on administration, others were brutal and expansionist, seeking to crush resistance through force.Impact on the Indian Subcontinent’s Long-term History: Balakrishna reflects on the long-term effects of these invasions, particularly the establishment of Islamic rule, which lasted for centuries. The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire contributed to the rise of Muslim culture and institutions in India. However, the book suggests that the complex interplay between Hindu and Muslim cultures—though at times marked by conflict—also led to cultural synthesis and the formation of a unique Indo-Islamic civilization.

The cultural significance of Invaders and Infidels lies in its contribution to the ongoing conversation about India’s historical identity. In the context of modern debates on religious identity, nationalism, and historical memory, the book offers a comprehensive and critical examination of India’s experience under Islamic rule. It challenges the idea that India’s history was solely shaped by the peaceful coexistence of different cultures, instead presenting a more complex picture of cultural erosion, resistance, and adaptation.By giving voice to the often overlooked consequences of the Islamic invasions, Balakrishna adds to the body of literature that seeks to reassert India’s cultural heritage. This has found particular resonance in a time when historical narratives are being actively revisited and debated in political and cultural forums across the country.

The impact of Invaders and Infidels on Indian society has been significant in terms of reshaping the way people think about their historical legacy. The book has prompted discussions about the role of invaders in shaping Indian society and raised important questions about the preservation of cultural memory. For many readers, the book has sparked a deeper awareness of the need to understand the full scope of India’s historical experience, particularly with regard to the challenges posed by foreign invasions.On a societal level, the book has contributed to a growing discourse around historical revisionism, with a call for more open discussions about India’s pre-colonial history and the impact of Islamic rule.

Sandeep Balakrishna’s Invaders and Infidels: From Sindh to Delhi provides a thought-provoking, critical examination of the Muslim invasions in India, offering a perspective that contrasts with conventional historical narratives. The book sheds light on the cultural destruction, demographic shifts, and social upheavals that followed these invasions, urging readers to rethink the historical period through a more nuanced lens. Its cultural significance lies in its challenge to sanitized versions of history, contributing to ongoing debates about India’s national identity, historical memory, and the preservation of its ancient traditions. Ultimately, Invaders and Infidels stands as a vital contribution to the understanding of India’s complex and often turbulent past.