The Report of the Commissioners Appointed by the Punjab Sub-Committee of the Indian National Congress (commonly known as the Congress Punjab Inquiry Report) was published in March 1920 in response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the broader repressive actions taken by the British colonial administration in Punjab during 1919. The Indian National Congress formed a special committee to independently investigate the events, collect evidence, and present a truthful account to counter the official British narrative, which many Indians felt whitewashed the atrocities and justified the imposition of martial law.The committee included prominent leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi (who drafted the report), C.R. Das, Abbas Tyabji, M.R. Jayakar, and others. They examined the statements of over 1,700 witnesses, publishing about 650 testimonies in the accompanying volumes. The report was a comprehensive documentation of the causes, events, and aftermath of the violence in Punjab, especially the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the subsequent martial law regime.

Historical Documentation: The report remains one of the most detailed and authoritative primary sources on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the 1919 Punjab disturbances.Political Impact: It galvanized Indian opinion against British rule, providing a factual basis for the growing demand for self-government and strengthening the resolve of the Indian National Congress.International Awareness: By exposing the brutality of colonial rule, the report attracted international attention and criticism of British policies in India.

1. Truth-Seeking and DocumentationThe report was meticulously compiled, with the explicit aim of presenting "the truth and nothing but the truth" about the events in Punjab.It relied on a vast array of first-hand testimonies, official records, and cross-examination, making it one of the most thorough contemporary investigations into colonial violence in India.2. Exposure of British AtrocitiesThe report detailed the scale of violence, including the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where it refuted the official British death toll and asserted that nearly 1,200 people were killed and 3,600 wounded—far higher than the colonial administration admitted.It documented widespread abuses under martial law: public floggings, humiliations (such as the infamous "crawling order"), mass arrests, and summary executions.3. Call for AccountabilityThe report named and called for action against key British officials responsible for the violence, including General Dyer (who ordered the Jallianwala Bagh shooting), Michael O'Dwyer (the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab), and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford.It condemned the failure of the colonial justice system to hold these officials accountable.4. Rebuttal of Official NarrativesThe Congress report directly challenged the findings of the British Hunter Committee, which had largely exonerated the colonial authorities and blamed unrest on Indian political agitation.It argued that the unrest was a direct result of oppressive colonial policies, not the actions of Indian leaders or protestors.5. Nationalism and the Demand for RightsThe report linked the events in Punjab to the broader struggle for Indian self-determination and civil liberties, framing the atrocities as evidence of the incompatibility of British rule with Indian aspirations for justice and dignity.

The report became a symbol of Indian resistance and the quest for justice, inspiring writers, artists, and activists.It contributed to the formation of a collective memory of colonial oppression, shaping the narrative of the Indian independence movement.The involvement of leaders like Gandhi, who would later lead the non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements, gave the report enduring moral and political weight.

Mobilization: The findings and recommendations of the report fueled mass mobilization, leading to widespread protests, boycotts, and the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.Unity: The shared outrage over the Punjab atrocities helped unite diverse sections of Indian society—across regions, religions, and classes—against colonial rule.Delegitimization of Colonial Rule: By systematically documenting and publicizing British abuses, the report undermined the legitimacy of colonial authority in the eyes of both Indians and the international community.

The Report of the Commissioners Appointed by the Punjab Sub-Committee of the Indian National Congress stands as a landmark in the history of India's freedom struggle. Through its rigorous investigation, unflinching exposure of colonial brutality, and passionate advocacy for justice, it played a critical role in shaping public opinion and political strategy in the years leading up to independence. Its legacy endures as a testament to the power of truth and collective action in the face of oppression—a foundational document in India's journey towards self-rule.