A Survey of Hinduism by Klaus K. Klostermaier, first published in 1989 by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, is widely regarded as one of the most comprehensive and accessible introductions to Hinduism in English. The book systematically explores the historical development, scriptures, philosophies, rituals, and social dimensions of Hinduism, offering both breadth and depth for students, scholars, and general readers. Klostermaier, a distinguished scholar with decades of experience in Indian religions, approaches Hinduism with scholarly rigor and evident respect, aiming to present the tradition as Hindus themselves understand it, while also providing critical analysis and context.

A Survey of Hinduism stands out for its clarity, comprehensiveness, and balanced perspective. Unlike many earlier works that approached Hinduism from a purely Western or missionary viewpoint, Klostermaier’s book is notable for its sympathetic and nuanced treatment, drawing extensively on primary sources and contemporary Hindu scholarship. The book’s topical rather than strictly chronological organization allows readers to grasp the living realities and internal diversity of Hinduism, rather than seeing it as a static or monolithic tradition.

1. Historical Development and Sources The book begins with an exploration of the origins of Hinduism, tracing its roots to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic culture. It discusses the evolution of religious thought through the Vedic, Epic, Puranic, and medieval periods, emphasizing the continuity and adaptability of Hindu traditions. Klostermaier details the major scriptures—Vedas, Upanishads, Epics (Mahabharata and Ramayana), Puranas, and Agamas—explaining their roles in shaping Hindu beliefs and practices.2. Hindu Worldview and Philosophy Central to the book is an exposition of the Hindu worldview, including key concepts such as dharma (duty/ethics), karma (action and its consequences), samsara (cycle of rebirth), and moksha (liberation). Klostermaier examines the six classical schools of Hindu philosophy (Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa, Vedanta) and their interpretations of ultimate reality, self, and liberation. The book also addresses the diversity of theistic and non-theistic traditions within Hinduism, including Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism.3. Paths to Liberation Klostermaier organizes much of the discussion around the three traditional paths (margas) to liberation:Karma Marga (path of works): Emphasizes ritual action, social duty, and ethical conduct.Jnana Marga (path of knowledge): Focuses on philosophical inquiry, meditation, and realization of the self’s unity with Brahman.Bhakti Marga (path of devotion): Centers on loving devotion to a personal deity, such as Vishnu, Shiva, or Devi, and explores the rich devotional literature and practices.4. Social and Structural Aspects The book delves into the social order shaped by Hinduism, notably the varna (caste) and ashrama (life stage) systems, and the role of samskaras (sacraments) in marking life’s transitions. Klostermaier discusses how Hinduism has historically structured Indian society and examines the interplay between religious ideals and social realities.5. Interactions with Other Religions and Modern Developments Later chapters address Hinduism’s encounters with Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as its responses to colonialism and modernity. Klostermaier analyzes reform movements, the rise of political Hinduism, and the efforts to reinterpret Hinduism in a global context, including its spread among diaspora communities.

The book is culturally significant for several reasons:Bridging East and West: Klostermaier’s background as a Western scholar deeply immersed in Indian culture enables him to act as a bridge between cultures, making Hinduism accessible to non-Indian readers without oversimplifying or distorting its complexities.Respectful Representation: The author’s respectful and empathetic approach has been appreciated by Hindu readers, who often find their own tradition accurately and fairly represented.Resource for Dialogue: The book has become a standard reference in academic, interfaith, and educational settings, supporting informed dialogue and mutual understanding between Hindus and non-Hindus.

While A Survey of Hinduism is primarily an academic work, its influence extends beyond the classroom:Educational Impact: The book has been widely adopted in university courses on world religions and South Asian studies, shaping how generations of students understand Hinduism.Public Discourse: By providing a reliable and balanced account, it has contributed to more nuanced discussions of Hinduism in public and interfaith forums.Empowerment of Diaspora: For members of the Hindu diaspora, especially in Western countries, the book offers a valuable resource for explaining and preserving their heritage in multicultural contexts.

Klaus K. Klostermaier’s A Survey of Hinduism is a landmark work that offers a thorough, accessible, and respectful introduction to one of the world’s oldest and most complex religious traditions. Its strength lies in its comprehensive scope, clear organization, and balanced perspective, making it invaluable for students, scholars, and anyone interested in understanding Hinduism. By presenting Hinduism as a living, evolving tradition with deep philosophical, ritual, and social dimensions, the book fosters greater appreciation and understanding across cultures. Its enduring relevance attests to its quality and the importance of informed, empathetic scholarship in a globalized world.