A History of Hindu Civilisation During British Rule Vol II by Pramatha Nath Bose, published in 1894, is a detailed examination of the social, religious, and institutional changes in Hindu society under British colonial rule. Bose, a learned Indian scholar and geologist, approaches the subject with both the rigor of a historian and the lived perspective of a native observer. The book is recognized for its impartiality, depth of research, and clear narrative style, making it a valuable resource for understanding the complexities of Indian society during a period of intense transformation.

Bose’s work stands out for several reasons:Impartial Analysis: The book is lauded for its balanced and objective treatment of sensitive issues, avoiding both nationalist romanticism and colonial bias.Comprehensive Scope: By covering religion, society, and industry, Bose provides a holistic view of Hindu civilization, making the book a valuable reference for scholars and general readers alike.Use of Native and Foreign Sources: Bose draws on both indigenous and Western sources, lending credibility and depth to his analysis.Originality: The author’s approach is noted for its originality, especially in tracing the roots of contemporary changes back to earlier periods of Indian history.

1. British Influence on Hindu Society and Institutions Bose meticulously analyzes the ways in which British rule impacted Hindu social structures, particularly the caste system, religious practices, and education. He observes that while English influence introduced new ideas and reforms, the core of Hindu society remained resistant to rapid change, clinging to traditional customs and laws.2. Caste and Social Reform One significant focus is the evolution of the caste system under colonial administration. Bose discusses how British legal and educational policies indirectly affected caste boundaries, sometimes reinforcing them and at other times enabling reform movements. He provides examples such as the admission of lower-caste students to medical colleges, which challenged orthodox norms but also provoked resistance from conservative elements.3. Religion and National Identity Bose explores the profound influence of religion on Hindu society, noting that religious identity often took precedence over a broader sense of nationality. He argues that the absence of a unifying national sentiment among Hindus contributed to the ease with which foreign powers, including the British, could establish control over India.4. Westernization vs. Traditionalism The book details the tension between Western ideas—such as law, order, and individual rights—and the persistent preference for indigenous customs. Bose notes that while Western laws and institutions were introduced, their adoption was often superficial, with many Indians exhibiting reluctant acquiescence rather than wholehearted acceptance.5. Historical Continuity and Change Bose situates the changes of the British period within the broader sweep of Indian history, tracing the evolution of Hindu civilization from Vedic times through the medieval period to the nineteenth century. He emphasizes both the resilience of traditional institutions and the new forces—social, intellectual, and industrial—set in motion by colonial rule.

Bose’s history is culturally significant for several reasons:Self-Reflection for Indian Society: By documenting the effects of British rule, Bose encourages Indians to reflect critically on their own institutions and the need for reform.Counter to Colonial Narratives: The work provides an Indian perspective at a time when most histories of India were written by Europeans, thus challenging prevailing colonial narratives.Inspiration for Reform Movements: By highlighting both the strengths and weaknesses of Hindu society, Bose’s analysis contributed to the intellectual ferment that fueled social and religious reform movements in late nineteenth-century India.

The book had a notable impact on both contemporary and later Indian society:Awakening National Consciousness: Bose’s emphasis on the lack of national unity and the need for social cohesion resonated with emerging nationalist leaders and thinkers.Intellectual Influence: The book was widely read and cited in intellectual circles, influencing debates on education, caste, and religious reform.Historical Awareness: By providing a detailed account of Hindu society’s evolution, Bose helped foster a greater historical awareness among Indians, encouraging them to reclaim and reinterpret their past.

A History of Hindu Civilisation During British Rule Vol II remains a landmark work in Indian historiography. Pramatha Nath Bose offers a nuanced, critical, and deeply researched account of how Hindu society responded to the challenges and opportunities of British colonialism. The book’s impartiality, comprehensive scope, and cultural insight make it a valuable resource for understanding the roots of modern Indian society. Its legacy lies in its ability to provoke critical thought, inspire reform, and contribute to the ongoing dialogue about India’s past and future.