What Are Generals Made Of? by Maj. Gen. Aubrey S. "Red" Newman, published in 1987 by Lancer International, is a reflective and practical exploration of military leadership at its highest levels. Drawing on a lifetime of service in the U.S. Army, Newman presents a blend of personal anecdotes, leadership philosophy, and observations about what distinguishes those who rise to the rank of general from their peers. The book is structured as a collection of essays and columns, many originally written for ARMY Magazine, offering a mosaic of insights into the demands, challenges, and qualities of effective military leadership.

What Are Generals Made Of? occupies a unique place in military literature. Unlike doctrinal manuals or purely historical accounts, Newman’s work offers a personal, inside look at the qualities and decisions that define successful military leaders. It bridges the gap between theory and practice, providing guidance that is relevant not only to aspiring generals but also to anyone interested in leadership, whether in the military, business, or public service.The book’s insights are considered timeless, with many reviewers and readers noting their applicability beyond the military context. Newman’s focus on the human element of leadership, in particular, resonates with readers seeking to understand how to motivate and inspire others in any organization.

1. The Human Factor in Leadership Newman emphasizes that leadership, especially at the general officer level, is fundamentally about people. He argues that the "human factor"—the ability to understand, motivate, and care for others—is as crucial as tactical or technical expertise. This principle, while rooted in military experience, is presented as universally applicable to any sphere involving human resource management.2. Character and Integrity A recurring theme is the importance of character. Newman contends that generals are not simply born or made through formal training; rather, they are shaped by their experiences and by their responses to adversity. Traits such as moral courage, humility, self-control, and an elevated sense of duty are highlighted as essential for those who aspire to high command.3. Leadership as a Journey The path to generalship is depicted as a gradual evolution rather than a linear progression. Newman reflects on his time at West Point and throughout his career, noting that those who ultimately became generals were often distinguished by their resilience, self-reliance, and ability to stand firm under pressure. He suggests that leadership potential can be recognized early, but must be continually developed and tested in real-world situations.4. Professionalism and Service Newman underscores the importance of subordinating personal ambition for the greater good of the unit and the mission. He shares examples from his own career where professional rivalry was set aside in favor of teamwork and service to the Army and the nation. This focus on collective achievement over individual advancement is presented as a hallmark of true leadership.5. Practical Wisdom and Anecdotes The book is rich with practical advice, drawn from decades of firsthand experience. Newman’s use of anecdotes—ranging from battlefield decisions to everyday interactions with soldiers—serves to illustrate his points and make abstract concepts tangible. His writing style is direct, accessible, and often laced with humor and humility.

At the time of its publication, What Are Generals Made Of? contributed to a broader conversation about leadership in the late Cold War era. The 1980s saw renewed interest in military professionalism and ethical leadership, both within the armed forces and in American society at large. Newman’s emphasis on character, humility, and service echoed national concerns about integrity in public life and the responsibilities of those in positions of authority.The book also reflects the ethos of a generation of military leaders shaped by World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. Newman’s anecdotes and reflections offer a window into the culture of the U.S. Army during a period of significant change, including the transition to an all-volunteer force and the increasing complexity of global military operations.

While What Are Generals Made Of? may not have achieved mass-market fame, it has had a lasting impact within military and leadership circles. The book is frequently recommended in professional military education and has influenced generations of officers seeking to understand the intangible qualities that separate competent leaders from exceptional ones.Newman’s writings, including this book, have contributed to a culture of self-reflection and ethical leadership within the U.S. Army. His insistence on the primacy of character and the “human factor” has reinforced the idea that effective leadership is grounded in values as much as in skills or knowledge. This perspective has informed leadership development programs and has been cited in discussions about the moral responsibilities of those in command.

What Are Generals Made Of? by Aubrey S. Newman is a thoughtful and enduring exploration of what it takes to lead at the highest levels of military command. Through a blend of personal narrative, practical advice, and philosophical reflection, Newman argues that generals—and leaders more broadly—are defined not by their rank or technical expertise, but by their character, their ability to inspire others, and their commitment to service.The book’s key themes—human factors in leadership, the centrality of character, the journey of professional growth, and the importance of humility and teamwork—remain relevant across contexts and generations. Its cultural and institutional influence is evident in the way it continues to shape discussions about leadership within the military and beyond.Ultimately, Newman’s work stands as a testament to the enduring values of integrity, service, and the relentless pursuit of excellence—qualities that, in his view, are what generals, and all great leaders, are truly made of.