Mahmood Shah II
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Mahmood Shah II, also known as Mahmud Shah Durrani or Mahmud Shah Abdali, was the last ruler of the Durrani Empire in present-day Afghanistan. His reign lasted from 1793 to 1796 and then again briefly from 1801 to 1803. He was the son of Timur Shah Durrani, the founder of the Durrani Empire.
Ala Al-din Ahmad II
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Ala Al-din Ahmad II, also known as Alau\\\'d-din Ahmad Shah, was the tenth Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate, reigning from April 17, 1436, to May 7, 1458. His birth name was Zafar Khan, and he was the eldest son of Ahmad Shah I Wali, his predecessor. Ala Al-din Ahmad II is remembered as a benevolent but administratively weak ruler, whose reign was marked by internal rebellions and factional strife between the Dakhanis (old-comers) and Afaqis (new-comers), two major groups within the sultanate\\\'s nobility
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Ala ud-din Humayun Shah
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Ala ud-din Humayun Shah (r. 1458–1461 CE) was the eleventh ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate, succeeding his father Ala ud-din Ahmad II. His reign, though brief, marked a critical juncture in the sultanate\\\'s history, characterized by internal power struggles and administrative reforms. Succession and Consolidation: Humayun Shah secured the throne by eliminating rivals, including his younger brother Hassan Khan, to prevent challenges to his authority.Administrative Reforms: He appointed Mahmud Gawan (a Persian merchant-turned-statesman) as prime minister (wazir), granting him control over military affairs. Gawan later became a pivotal figure in stabilizing the sultanate.Factional Conflicts: Humayun faced rebellions from nobles, including his cousin Sikandar Khan, whom he defeated with Gawan’s support. Persian historians labeled him Zalim (\\\"the Tyrant\\\") for his harsh tactics.Economic and Cultural Policies: He issued copper Gani coins and rare gold Tanka coins inscribed with his titles (al-Muthvakil, \\\"the Trusted\\\").Legacy Humayun’s death in 1461 left the throne to his minor son Ahmad III, with Mahmud Gawan serving as regent and de facto ruler. Despite his short rule, Humayun Shah’s reliance on Gawan set the stage for the sultanate’s final phase of centralized administration before its eventual fragmentation into the Deccan Sultanates.