Parthian Empire
247BC-224AD (Rulers)
The Parthian Empire (/ˈpɑːrθiən/), also known as the Arsacid Empire (/ˈɑːrsəsɪd/),[12] was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.[13] Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I,[14] who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia[15] in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, who was rebelling against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I (r. c. 171 – 132 BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids.
Scythian Empire
09BC-03BC (Rulers)
The Scythian Empire refers to a group of nomadic peoples, often collectively known as the Scythians, who dominated the Eurasian steppes from around the 8th century BCE to the 2nd century BCE. They were primarily known for their equestrian culture, military prowess, and significant influence over vast territories stretching from Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe.
Ayodhya
07BCE-05BCE (Rulers)
Kosala, sometimes referred to as Uttara Kosala (lit. 'Northern Kosala') was one of the Mahajanapadas of ancient India.[2][3] It emerged as a small state during the Late Vedic period[4][5] and became (along with Magadha) one of the earliest states to transition from a lineage-based society to a monarchy.[6] By the 6th century BCE, it had consolidated into one of the four great powers of ancient northern India, along with Magadha, Vatsa, and Avanti
Tomaras of Delhi
08CE-12CE (Rulers)
The Tomara dynasty who as per bardic traditions, were one of the 36 Rajput tribes. Anangapal founded the Tomar kingdom's capital at Delhi in 11th century CE & eventually incorporated Delhi within the Chauhan (Chahamana) kingdom in 1164. Tomars ruled over present-day Delhi, Haryana and some parts of Uttar Pradesh.
Kushan Empire
30CE-375CE (Rulers)
The Kushan Empire was first formed in the early 1st century AD. It was located in Afghanistan, most of Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and parts of northwest India.[13][14]The Kushan were a branch of the Yuezhi confederation.[15][16] Previously a nomadic people living in eastern Central Asia, the Yuezhi moved southwest and settled in ancient Bactria
Western Satraps
35CE-415CE (Rulers)
The Western Satraps, or Western Kshatrapas (Brahmi:, Mahakṣatrapa, "Great Satraps") were Indo-Scythian (Saka) rulers of the western and central parts of India (extending from Saurashtra in the south and Malwa in the east, covering modern-day Sindh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states), between 35 and 415 CE. The Western Satraps were contemporaneous with the Kushans who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, and were possibly vassals of the Kushans. They were also contemporaneous with the Satavahana who ruled in Central India. They are called "Western Satraps" in modern historiography in order to differentiate them from the "Northern Satraps", who ruled in Punjab and Mathura until the 2nd century CE.
Gupta Empire
320CE-550CE (Rulers)
The Gupta Empire, which flourished from around 320 to 550 CE, is often referred to as the "Golden Age of India" due to its remarkable achievements in various fields. Founded by Sri Gupta, it reached its zenith under rulers like Chandragupta II and Samudragupta.The empire is known for its advancements in science, mathematics, astronomy, literature, and the arts. Notable figures from this period include the mathematician Aryabhata, who introduced concepts like zero and the decimal system. Gupta art and architecture saw the creation of exquisite sculptures and temples, with styles that influenced later Indian culture.The Gupta Empire maintained a decentralized administration, allowing local rulers some autonomy, which contributed to stability and prosperity. However, the empire began to decline in the late 5th century due to invasions, internal strife, and competition from emerging regional powers, ultimately leading to its dissolution by the mid-6th century. The legacy of the Gupta Empire has had a lasting impact on Indian civilization, especially in areas of culture, science, and governance.
Ananda Dynasty
335AD-425AD (Rulers)
Ananda Gotrikas, also referred to as Anandas ruled coastal Andhra with Kandarapura as the capital from 335-425 AD. Their capital is located in present day Chejerla mandal of Guntur District.[1] The Ananda Gotrikas ruled after the fall of the Andhra Ikshvakus and claimed descent from the Ananda gotra.
Gahadavalas of Kannauj
510CE-1036CE (Rulers)
The Kingdom of Kannauj was a medieval kingdom in northern India from 510, when it was established as a vassal state of the Magadhan Empire, until 1036, when it collapsed after Ghaznavid invasions.[1] During the reign of Harsha, and later under the Pratiharas, the Kingdom of Kannauj stood among the most powerful states in India, flourishing in the seventh century, and again in the ninth and tenth centuries.
State of Mewar
566-1949 (Rulers)
The Kingdom of Mewar was a historic Rajput kingdom located in the southern part of Rajasthan, India. It is one of the most prominent and enduring princely states in Indian history, known for its resilience, valor, and rich cultural heritage. The kingdom's history spans from the early medieval period to the colonial era, with its most notable rulers belonging to the Sisodia dynasty.
Jammu and Kashmir
625CE-855CE (Rulers)
the monarchs of Kashmir from the establishment of the Karkota dynasty around 625 CE until the cession of parts of Kashmir by the Dogra dynasty to Pakistan in 1947 and then merging into the Indian Union in 1952.
Yadvas Dynasty
850CE-1318CE (Rulers)
The Yadava Dynasty, also known as the Yadu Dynasty, was a prominent royal lineage in ancient India, with its roots tracing back to the mythological Yadu, a legendary king mentioned in Hindu scriptures. Historically, the Yadava Dynasty is best known for its rule over the region of what is now Gujarat and Maharashtra during the medieval period.The dynasty's most famous ruler was Krishna, a central figure in Hinduism, revered as a divine incarnation. Krishna, who is often associated with the Yadava clan, is celebrated for his role in the Mahabharata, particularly in his guidance of Arjuna and his discourse on the Bhagavad Gita. His reign is traditionally considered a golden age for the Yadavas, marked by prosperity and cultural development.Following Krishna, the Yadava Dynasty saw a series of rulers who maintained their power through a combination of military prowess and strategic alliances. The most notable of these was the 13th-century king, Bhillama V, who expanded the kingdom and strengthened its administration.However, the dynasty faced challenges from emerging powers, particularly the Delhi Sultanate. By the early 14th century, the Yadava Kingdom fell to the Sultanate's forces, marking the end of their rule. Despite this, the Yadava legacy endures in Indian culture and history through its contributions to art, architecture, and religion.
Kutch Kingdom
1147CE-1819CE (Rulers)
The Kutch Kingdom was a princely state located in the western part of India, primarily in the present-day Kutch district of Gujarat. It was established in the 12th century and ruled by the Jadeja clan of Rajputs.The kingdom was known for its unique culture, vibrant handicrafts, and trade, particularly due to its strategic position along trade routes connecting India to the Middle East and beyond. The capital of the kingdom was Bhuj, which became a center for administration and commerce.Under the leadership of its rulers, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries, the Kutch Kingdom experienced relative stability and prosperity. The rulers, known for their patronage of the arts, supported local crafts and architecture, contributing to the region's cultural richness.In 1947, with India's independence, the Kutch Kingdom merged into the Indian Union, eventually becoming part of the state of Gujarat. Today, Kutch is known for its distinctive heritage, including traditional crafts, music, and festivals.
Narwar
1200CE-1947CE (Rulers)
The Princely State of Narwar was one of the princely states of India during the rule of the British Empire in India. During the early 19th century, the region was appointed as one of the princely states of India under the indirect rule of the British administration. The region was a part of the erstwhile Malwa Agency and was incorporated as a part of the Central India Agency. The state was a small enclave located in the northwest part of the Karera section of Gwalior.
Delhi Sultanate
1206CE-1526CE (Rulers)
The Delhi Sultanate was a series of five dynasties that ruled over parts of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to the 16th centuries. It began with the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty in 1206, following the defeat of the last Hindu king of Delhi. The main dynasties included the Mamluks, Khiljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids, and Lodis.This period saw significant developments in architecture, culture, and the spread of Islam in India. The Sultanate established Delhi as a major political center and facilitated trade and cultural exchange between India and other regions. However, it also faced challenges such as internal strife and invasions, leading to its eventual decline and the rise of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century. The Delhi Sultanate left a lasting impact on Indian history, influencing governance, culture, and society.
State of Bundi
1241-1941 (Rulers)
Bundi State, founded by Hada Rao Devda (ruler of the Hada Chauhan dynasty), was a princely state in India. The former state was located in modern-day Rajasthan. It was ruled by Hada Chauhan Rajputs.[1]The last ruler of Bundi State signed the accession to join the Indian Union in 1949.
Jodhpur Feudatory
1242CE-1818CE (Rulers)
Kingdom of Marwar also known as Jodhpur State during the modern era, was a kingdom in the Marwar region from 1243 to 1818 and a princely state under British rule from 1818 to 1947. It was established in Pali by Rao Siha, possibly a migrant Gahadavala noble, in 1243. His successors continued to struggle against regional powers for domination and 9 out of 15 rulers till 1438 died in combat. In 1395, its capital was changed to Mandore by Rao Chunda of Mandore and to Jodhpur in 1459 by Rao Jodha.
Delhi Sultanate Tughluq
1320CE-1413CE (Rulers)
The Tughlaq Dynasty ruled over the Delhi Sultanate from 1320 to 1414. Founded by Ghazi Tughlaq, the dynasty is notable for its ambitious expansion and administrative innovations.Key Highlights:Ghazi Tughlaq (1320-1324): Established the dynasty after overthrowing the Khilji Dynasty. Focused on consolidating power.Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1324-1351): Known for his controversial policies, including the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad and the introduction of token currency. His reign saw both significant achievements and disastrous failures, leading to widespread unrest.Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388): Noted for his efforts to improve infrastructure, promote agriculture, and implement welfare measures. He built many canals and introduced administrative reforms.Decline: After Firoz Shah, the dynasty weakened due to internal strife, invasions, and the rise of regional powers. By the early 15th century, it effectively fell apart, leading to the rise of the Sayyid Dynasty.
Vijaynagar Empire
1336CE-1646CE (Rulers)
The Vijayanagara Empire was a prominent South Indian empire that flourished from the 14th to the 17th century. Founded in 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, it was known for its remarkable administrative organization, military prowess, and cultural achievements.The empire reached its zenith under rulers like Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), who expanded its territory significantly, promoting trade and agriculture. The capital, Hampi, became a vibrant center of culture, art, and architecture, featuring stunning temples and advanced urban planning.The Vijayanagara Empire was characterized by its religious tolerance, supporting both Hindu and Muslim communities. However, it faced increasing pressure from regional kingdoms and was ultimately defeated in the Battle of Talikota in 1565. The empire's decline marked the end of a significant era in South Indian history, but its cultural and architectural legacy continues to influence the region to this day.
Bahmani Sultananate
1347CE-1518CE (Rulers)
The Bahmani Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom that ruled the Deccan plateau in India from 1347 to 1518. It was the first independent Muslim sultanate in the Deccan region. The Bahmani Sultanate was known for its conflicts with the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire, and for its tolerance of those under its rule
Mysore Empire
1399-1950CE (Rulers)
The Kingdom of Mysore was a geopolitical realm in southern India founded in around 1399[3] in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Mysore and prevailed until 1950. The territorial boundaries and the form of government transmuted substantially throughout the kingdom's lifetime. While originally a feudal vassal under the Vijayanagara Empire, it became a princely state in British India from 1799 to 1947, marked in-between by major political changes.
Bengal Sultanate
1400CE-1600CE (Rulers)
The Bengal Sultanate (Middle Bengali: বাঙ্গালা সালতানাত, Classical Persian: سلطنت بنگاله[3] was a late medieval sultanate based in the Bengal region in the eastern Indian subcontinent between the 14th and 16th century. It was the dominant power of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, with a network of mint towns spread across the region. The Bengal Sultanate had a circle of vassal states in the Indian subcontinent, including parts of Odisha in the southwest, Arakan in the southeast,[4] and Tripura in the east.
Sayyid Dynasty
1414CE-1451CE (Rulers)
The Sayyid Dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1414 to 1451.Key Highlights:Establishment: The dynasty was founded by Khizr Khan, who was appointed as the governor of Delhi by Timur after his invasion of India. He declared himself Sultan and established the Sayyid rule.Weak Central Authority: The Sayyid rulers struggled to maintain control, facing challenges from powerful nobles and regional governors, leading to a decline in central authority.Political Instability: The period was marked by political instability and infighting among nobility, which weakened the dynasty's power and influence.Cultural Contributions: Despite their struggles, the Sayyid Dynasty contributed to the cultural and architectural landscape of Delhi, with notable developments in art and architecture.Decline: The dynasty ended in 1451 when it was succeeded by the Lodi Dynasty, which managed to establish a stronger central authority.
State of Bikaner
1465CE-1947CE (Rulers)
Bikaner State was the Princely State in the north-western most part of the Rajputana province of imperial British India from 1465 to 1947. The founder of the state Rao Bika was a younger son of Rao Jodha ruler of and founder of the city of Jodhpur in Marwar.
Emirates of Afghanistan
1500CE-1800CE (Rulers)
The term "Aganistan Kingdom" might refer to historical periods in Afghanistan's complex history, often involving various kingdoms and empires that ruled the region. Here are a couple of notable historical periods:Kushan Empire (1st to 3rd centuries CE): A prominent kingdom that controlled parts of Afghanistan, known for its contributions to trade and culture, especially in Buddhism.Ghaznavid Empire (971–1186 CE): Founded by Mahmud of Ghazni, this dynasty expanded its influence over much of present-day Afghanistan and northern India, promoting Islamic culture and architecture.Durrani Empire (1747–1826): Founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani, this is often considered the modern state of Afghanistan's first unified kingdom, which played a crucial role in the region's history.
Orhca State
1501-1950 (Rulers)
Orchha State (also known as Urchha, Ondchha and Tikamgarh)[1] was a kingdom situated in the Bundelkhand region and later a princely state in British India. The state was ruled by Bundela clan of Rajputs.[2] It was located within what is now the state of Madhya Pradesh.
Mughal Empire
1526CE–1857CE (Rulers)
The Mughal Empire, which flourished from 1526 to 1857, was a dominant power in South Asia, renowned for its remarkable achievements in administration, culture, and architecture. Founded by Babur in 1526 after his victory at the First Battle of Panipat, the empire expanded significantly under his successors. Akbar the Great (reigned 1556–1605) is celebrated for his administrative reforms and policy of religious tolerance, which helped unify a diverse population and laid the foundation for a prosperous empire. Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan, is best known for his architectural masterpieces, including the Taj Mahal, a symbol of Mughal grandeur and artistry. The Mughal Empire reached its zenith under Shah Jahan, with significant advances in art and culture. However, Aurangzeb’s reign (1658–1707) marked a shift towards orthodox Islamic policies and expansion, which led to internal strife and weakening of central authority. After Aurangzeb’s death, the empire faced decline due to succession disputes and rising regional powers. By the mid-19th century, the empire had become a shadow of its former self, ultimately falling to British control after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, marking the end of Mughal rule and the beginning of British direct governance.
Delhi Sultanate Suri
1538CE-1556CE (Rulers)
The Suri Dynasty was a significant Muslim dynasty in India that ruled from 1540 to 1556, founded by Sher Shah Suri after he defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun.Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545): The founder of the dynasty, Sher Shah is known for his effective administration, military strategies, and significant reforms, including the establishment of an extensive road network (notably the Grand Trunk Road) and a standardized system of weights and measures.
Nawanagar
1540CE-1947CE (Rulers)
Nawanagar was an Indian princely state in the historical Halar region, located on the southern shores of the Gulf of Kutch. It was ruled by the Jadeja Rajput dynasty and became a part of newly formed India. Its capital city was Nawanagar city, now known as Jamnagar. It had an area of 3,791 square miles (9,820 km2) and a population estimated at 336,779 in 1901. Its rulers, who use the title of "Jam Saheb" are of the same clan as the Rao of Kutch.[1] They were entitled to a 13-gun salute. The state flag was a rectangular red flag with a white elephant, near and facing the hoist. During the British, the state was part of the Kathiawar Agency, within the Gujarat Division of Bombay Presidency.[1][2]
Cooch Bihar
1586CE-1949CE (Rulers)
Cooch Behar State was formed when the Kamata Kingdom under the Koch dynasty split following the death of Nara Narayan in 1586. The eastern portion, Koch Hajo, was soon absorbed by Ahom. The western portion, Koch Bihar, formed a separate unit that came under direct challenge by the Mughal Empire. After weathering the Mughal threat, a new foe emerged in the form of an expansionist Bhutanese kingdom. After a series of wars with the Bhutanese and Tibetans, the Northern threat was pushed back but not before a Bhutanese regent was installed in the royal court. The Koch Bihar court decided to invite British intervention. This came in the form of military assistance that—acting in concert with Koch Bihar forces—ended the Northern challenge once and for all. However the British East India Company sought guarantees whereby the independence of Koch Bihar was limited by treaties. When the British colonial rule was finally terminated in India, the Koch Bihar state immediately acceded to and merged with India in 1949 and became a part of West Bengal. The district, Cooch Behar District, is named after this erstwhile kingdom.
Bombay Presidency
1662CE-1935CE (Rulers)
The Bombay Presidency or Bombay Province, also called Bombay and Sind (1843–1936), was an administrative subdivision (province) of India, with its capital in the city that came up over the seven islands of Bombay. The first mainland territory was acquired in the Konkan region with the Treaty of Bassein. Poona was the summer capital.
Maratha Kingdom
1674CE-1818CE (Rulers)
The Maratha Kingdom, emerging in the 17th century, was a powerful Indian state founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Established in 1674, it played a crucial role in resisting Mughal expansion in India. The Marathas utilized guerrilla warfare tactics, which allowed them to control vast territories in western and central India. Under leaders like Shivaji and later Peshwas, the kingdom expanded significantly, influencing politics and culture in the region.The Maratha Empire became a major force by the 18th century, engaging in various battles and forming alliances with other regional powers. However, internal conflicts and British colonial ambitions led to its decline in the early 19th century. Despite this, the Marathas left a lasting legacy in Indian history, notably in administration, military strategy, and regional identity.
State of Baroda
1721CE-1949CE (Rulers)
Baroda State was a kingdom within the Maratha Confederacy and later a princely state in present-day Gujarat. It was ruled by the Gaekwad dynasty from its formation in 1721 until its accession to the newly formed Dominion of India in 1949. With the city of Baroda (Vadodara) as its capital, its relations with the British Raj authorities were managed by the Baroda Residency. The revenue of the state in 1901 was Rs. 13,661,000.[1] Baroda formally acceded to the Dominion of India on 1 May 1949, before which an interim government was formed in the state
Bharatpur
1722CE-1825CE (Rulers)
The Bharatpur State in India had two periods of rule:Absolute monarchy: From 1722 to 1825Princely state: From 1826 to 1947Here are some other notable events in the history of Bharatpur:Jat rule: The Bharatpur region was ruled by Jat kings from 1372 to 1527 AD.City founded: Maharaja Suraj Mal founded the city of Bharatpur in 1733 AD.State decline: The state declined after Suraj Mal's death in 1763 and was besieged by the British twice.Last ruler: Maharaja Brijendra Singh was the last ruler of the state from 1929 to 1947.
Hyderabad
1724CE-1948CE (Rulers)
The state was ruled from 1724 to 1948 by the Nizam, who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal empire in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement.
State of Jaipur
1727CE-1947CE (Rulers)
Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan state in India, was founded in 1727 by Maharaj Sawai Jai Singh II,[1] who ruled Jaipur State from 1699–1744. He consulted several books on architecture and architects before making the layout of Jaipur.
Indore empire
1728CE-1947CE (Rulers)
Indore State was a prominent princely state in India during the British Raj, located in what is now Madhya Pradesh. Established in the late 19th century, it was ruled by the Holkar dynasty, descendants of the Maratha Empire.Indore emerged as a significant center of trade and commerce due to its strategic location. The Holkar rulers were known for their progressive policies, promoting education, infrastructure development, and industrialization. They also played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement, with notable figures like Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar II supporting reforms and social changes.After India's independence in 1947, Indore State merged into the Indian Union, becoming part of Madhya Pradesh. The legacy of Indore includes its rich cultural heritage, architectural landmarks, and its evolution into a major urban center in modern India.
Kingdom of Travancore
1729-1949 (Rulers)
The Kingdom of Travancore was a prominent princely state located in the southernmost part of India, in the present-day state of Kerala. It existed from the early 18th century until 1949, when it merged with the Indian Union after India gained independence.
State of Gwalior
1731-1818 (Rulers)
Gwalior State was a prominent princely state in central India during the era of British colonial rule, governed by the Scindia dynasty. The state played a significant role in the history of the Maratha Empire and later in the formation of independent India.Key Points about Gwalior State:Foundation and Maratha Influence: Gwalior's history as a princely state dates back to the 18th century. The state was initially established under the Maratha Empire, and it became a key region in central India. The Scindia dynasty was founded by Ranoji Scindia in the early 18th century, who took control of Gwalior in 1735 after the decline of the Mughal Empire.Role in Maratha Empire: The Scindias were one of the most powerful families in the Maratha Confederacy, a group of regional Maratha chieftains who were united under the nominal authority of the Maratha Peshwa. Gwalior was an important base for the Marathas, and the Scindias played a central role in Maratha politics, military campaigns, and administration. They were instrumental in expanding Maratha influence across northern India.Gwalior Fort: The Gwalior Fort, a major architectural landmark, was a symbol of the Scindia dynasty's power. It was strategically located and was often a site of military importance. The fort is famous for its massive walls, palaces, and temples, and was a key stronghold in the region.British Relations and Suzerainty: Gwalior, like other princely states, was under British suzerainty from the 19th century onward. It became a British ally after the Maratha defeat in the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818). The Scindia rulers maintained a semi-autonomous status, but the British had considerable control over the state's foreign policy and military affairs. Gwalior was part of the Central India Agency, a British administrative region.Role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857: During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Gwalior played a crucial role. Tantia Tope, a key leader of the rebellion, briefly captured Gwalior Fort, which became a symbolic rallying point for the Indian forces. The British ultimately recaptured the fort after fierce fighting, and the rebellion was suppressed.Post-Independence: After India's independence in 1947, Gwalior State was merged with the Indian Union. The last Maharaja of Gwalior, Jivajirao Scindia, signed the Instrument of Accession to India, and the state was integrated into the newly formed Madhya Pradesh in 1950.
Indo-British
1757-1858 (Rulers)
The period of British rule in India, often referred to as British India, lasted from 1858 to 1947. This period began after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence), when the British Crown took direct control over India from the British East India Company.Key Timeline:1757-1858: The British East India Company had significant control over large parts of India, establishing British dominance through military victories (notably the Battle of Plassey in 1757) and treaties. However, this was not yet a direct British government rule.1858: Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British government decided to dissolve the East India Company and assume direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858. This marked the beginning of the British Raj, the period of direct British colonial rule.1947: India gained independence on August 15, 1947, after a long struggle for independence led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and other nationalists. India was partitioned into two independent nations: India and Pakistan.
Awadh
1759CE-1806CE (Rulers)
Awadh, sometimes known as Avadh or Oudh in British history books, is a territory and proposed state in the present Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, which was previously known as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh before independence. It was founded as one of the twelve original Subhas under Mughal emperor Akbar in the 16th century, and it became a hereditary tributary polity around 1722, with Faizabad as its initial capital and Saadat Ali Khan as its first Subadar Nawab and progenitor of the Nawabs of Awadh dynasty.
Princely state of Chattarpur
1785CE-1950CE (Rulers)
Chhatarpur was a princely state in India during the British Raj. It was founded in 1785 and was ruled by the descendants of Bundela Rajput leader Chhatrasal until the Ponwar clan took control in 1785. The state's capital was located in Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh
Sikh Empire
1799CE-1849CE (Rulers)
The Sikh Empire, established in the early 19th century, was a powerful state in northern India founded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh united various Sikh factions and expanded the empire to encompass parts of present-day Punjab, Haryana, and northern India. His reign (1801–1839) is marked by significant military conquests, modernization of the army, and administrative reforms.The empire was known for its secular governance, promoting religious tolerance among Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims. Ranjit Singh also fostered arts and culture, enhancing the region's heritage. After his death, the empire faced internal strife and external pressures, particularly from the British, leading to its annexation in 1849. The Sikh Empire remains a vital chapter in Indian history, symbolizing Sikh resilience and leadership.
State of Bhopal
1818CE-1947CE (Rulers)
Bhopal State (pronounced [bʱoːpaːl] ⓘ) was founded by Maharaja of Parmar Rajputs. In the beginning of 18th-century, Bhopal State was converted into an Islamic principality,[8][9] in the invasion of the Afghan Mughal noble Dost Muhammad Khan.[10] It was a tributary state within the Maratha Confederacy during 18th century (1737-1818), a princely salute state with 19-gun salute in a subsidiary alliance with British India from 1818 to 1947, and an independent state from 1947 to 1949. Islamnagar was founded and served as the State's first capital, which was later shifted to the city of Bhopal.
Kashmir Kingdom
1846CE-1952CE (Rulers)
Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu,[1] was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858 and under the paramountcy (or tutelage[2][3]) of the British Crown, from 1858 until the Partition of India in 1947, when it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan.[4][5][6] The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed the Kashmir Valley,[7] from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for rupees 75 lakhs.